Source : SCMP
Jane Cai in Beijing
Oct 15, 2010
A Volkswagen Beetle, a BlackBerry, several Louis Vuitton bags and around one dozen credit cards. These are some of the assets of 25-year-old Jessie Chen - the only child of an affluent family in Sichuan who is in her first year of work after graduating from a British university.
Jessie earns about 4,500 yuan (HK$5,238) a month from her Beijing employer and uses some of that to make investments in the stock market. She is proud of her economic independence and says she bought everything she owns, thanks to consumer loans.
She has used the loans to buy state-of-the-art communication devices which help her manage her consumer loans. When repayment days come, her phones remind her so that she never defaults. "This is my style of life. Borrowing and spending. My friends have the same lifestyle," she says matter-of-factly.
Decades ago, Jessie might have been the type of spender criticised by mainstream Chinese in the days that thrift was highly prized. Nowadays, as the economy adjusts to a reduced dependence on exports and seeks to boost domestic demand, her attitude is just what Beijing wants.
"We will work out mechanisms to boost domestic demand," said Premier Wen Jiabao at the World Economic Forum in Tianjin last week. He might have had Jessie in mind - and shoppers like her - when he spoke.
Although consumer and official attitudes have been changing, the consumer loan market is underdeveloped because banks have so far enjoyed easier and lower-risk revenue sources, which they have happily embraced in the knowledge that they had limited risk-control capabilities. And credit companies are generally still young and small.
However, the big growth potential of consumer loans is expected to attract more players and lead to intensified competition in the next few years, especially outside of mortgage and car loans.
The China Banking Regulatory Commission earlier this year approved three banks to set up consumer credit companies in Beijing, Shanghai and Chengdu in a pilot scheme to provide loans without collateral to domestic tourists and buyers of manufactured goods and consumer products rather than to finance housing and car purchases.
Banks made an unprecedented 9.6 billion yuan of new loans last year to help fund the nation's stimulus package, with a large part directed to infrastructure construction and the property sector to give the economy a quick shot in the arm.
But unsecured consumer credit is an area that has been almost neglected by major banks.
"Consumer loans have been rising fast these years, but the part after deducting mortgage loans and car loans is very small," said Li Huiyong, an economist with Shenyin & Wanguo Securities.
According to the CBRC, outstanding consumer loans amounted to 4.4 trillion yuan at the end of June last year. New consumer loans made in the first half of 2009 totalled 650.8 billion yuan, 392 billion yuan more than a year earlier.
Of 7.37 trillion yuan of total new loans during the period, consumer loans comprised only an 8.8 per cent slice.
Of all consumer loans, mortgages accounted for 82 per cent on average from 2000 to 2009 and car loans took up 6.6 per cent between 2000 and 2008, Li said, citing an August report of the brokerage house. This means loans for buying household appliances, laptop computers, cameras and other consumer products and services have a roughly one per cent share in total loans on the mainland.
Guo Shuqing, chairman of China Construction Bank (SEHK: 0939) Corp, the nation's second-largest lender, explained at the presentation of the bank's interim results last month why its consumer loans grew robustly in the first half, but after excluding mortgage loans, the growth decelerated. "
We focused on mortgage loans," he said simply.
The remaining consumer loans also usually involve smaller sums. Compared with corporate clients who borrowed massively and have long-term relationships with the big banks, it seemed troublesome to evaluate the creditworthiness of an individual applicant, in many cases with no track record, for a loan of a small amount, said Johnson Chng, partner and head of financial services at Bain & Co.
Also, mainland banks generally have inadequate risk control. "Their skills have improved a lot in recent years. But most banks still focus on risk measurement and pay insufficient attention to risk management and monitoring," he said.
As the amount of unpaid credit card debt continues to rise, China has intensified the crackdown on credit card defaults since last year.
A total of 8.8 billion yuan of credit card debt was at least six months overdue on the mainland, the People's Bank of China said in May. That was 14.4 per cent more than at the end of last year. The overdue amount accounted for 3.5 per cent of the total outstanding credit card debt.
MasterCard, the world's second-largest banking card processor, said the risks of credit card delinquencies were controllable on the mainland because of the government's tightened oversight. It expects the mainland to have about 800 million to 900 million credit cards in circulation in 2020, surpassing the United States, which currently has 700 million. There are now 207 million credit cards in use on the mainland.
The card processor said the ongoing urbanisation and the growing middle class would benefit the consumer loan business.
Compared with bigger peers, smaller banks are more focused on retail banking. China Merchants Bank, the country's sixth-largest, is a pioneer in credit cards.
Its outstanding credit card loans amounted to 33.1 billion yuan at the end of June this year, 11.5 per cent of the national total and the highest across the nation.
Ma Weihua, the president of the bank, said credit cards could do a great service to encourage domestic consumption.
Ma told deputies at a meeting of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in March 2008 that consumers paid an annualised 18 per cent interest rate for overdrafts. The benchmark interest rate was an annualised 6.57 per cent for loans up to six months and 7.47 per cent for loans no longer than one year. An attractive market always has new entrants. A flood of online loan service agencies - some legal, some not - have been set up in the past few years to match the idle funds of the affluent with the needs of middle- to low-income earners who have been underserved by banks. According to the central bank, the mainland had 1,940 micro credit companies at the end of June, 606 more than at the end of last year.
Outstanding loans totalled 124.89 billion yuan, up 47.46 billion yuan from six months ago.
The consumer credit company of Bank of Beijing, the first such firm set up by a bank, started operations in March. It provides loans of up to five times an applicant's monthly income to finance purchases of household appliances, furniture, trips and weddings, among other things, for no longer than three years and charges an interest rate up to 400 per cent of the benchmark loan rate.
The company said it made 5.16 million yuan of loans in the five months to July, with average loan size of 14,600 yuan.
"Such consumer loans account for one per cent of loans made by Chinese banks, but in the US, the ratio is about 38 per cent. We have a big potential to expand the business," said Yan Xiaoyan, president of the Bank of Beijing.
Banks have been accelerating credit card issuance since the beginning of this year and bombarding cardholders with product catalogues that allow payment in instalments.
In the latest issue of the catalogue sent by China Citic Bank (SEHK: 0998) Corp, the country's seventh-largest lender, customers were offered 12 month loans with monthly repayments of 416.58 yuan for an iPhone while a pair of slippers could be had for 70 yuan a month for three months.
"I'm undecided whether to buy an iPhone or a pair of slippers which have the function to help legs lose fat. Or both," laughed Jessie.